Example: Use the graph below to determine the equation of the polynomial. Use \(k\) for the leading coefficient, \(-k\) if it should be negative.
Solution: The process for determining an equation for a polynomial can be laid out in a series of steps:
- We need to determine the zeros of the polynomial.
- We need to determine the (minimum) multiplicity of each zero.
- Using this, we write out each of the factors.
- To determine the sign of the leading coefficient, we look at the orientation and minimum degree of the polynomial.
- To determine the actual coefficient value, we need at least one point that is not a zero. If it is not provided, we cannot determine it. In this case, we have been instructed to just use \(k\).
So, let's write down the zeros in order: -4, 0, and 5. To determine the multiplicity, we examine the graph in detail near each of the zeros:
By looking closely at how the function crosses the horizontal axis, we can see that the factor near \(x=-4\) behaves linearly, the factor near \(x=0\) behaves like a cubic, and the factor near \(x=5\) behaves like a quadratic.Thus, we can state that the minimum degree of each factor reflects that behavior and write the following:
\[ f(x) = Ax^3(x+4)(x-5)^2 \]Note that each factor has the exponent that corresponds to the behavior we observed. To determine the sign of the leading coefficient, first we get the degree: 3+1+2 = 6. Then we observe the end behavior (both go down) so we can state that it is Even degree with negative leading coefficient!
\[ f(x) = -kx^3(x+4)(x-5)^2 \]